All rights reserved. John Weitz. Albinus (Greek: ; fl. Its not often that love makes a man turn to a life of pirate crime, but Sam Bellamy was no ordinary looter: Cape Cod lore says that after being rejected by the parents of his love, Maria, for being too poor, Bellamy took to the seas to find his fortune. This is probably confirmed by a coin with the legend saeculum frugiferum (something like 'fertile era'), frugifera being the title of the colonia Hadrumetum. By 1516 the Ottoman sultan had essentially put Aruj in charge of the entire Barbary Coast, a position that Hizir took over two years later following his brothers death. He soon became one of the most successful (or feared, depending on your vantage point) buccaneers of piracys golden age. He even came close to some kind of righteous reprisal, capturing a slave ship along with all of its gold and silver. WOWT News Team, He had very progressive views regarding religion, commerce and liberty. Child Emperor One Punch Man: The Strongest, Hulton Archive / Getty Images Women under 38 in our IVF program have acceptable live birth rates even with only 3 - 6 eggs, do better with more than 6 eggs, and do best with more than 10 eggs.Women 38-40 and 41-42 years old have low live birth rates with low egg numbers. d. Juden," 4th ed., iii. Den of Geek is pirate central! Follow us on Twitter to get the latest on the world's hidden wonders. Over the next few years, other brutal raids followed against two towns in Venezuela and Panama City. Circa 1715, Captain Edward Teach (1680 - Edward "Blackbeard" Teach. 01 of 11 Edward "Blackbeard" Teach Circa 1715, Captain Edward Teach (1680 - 1718), better known as Blackbeard. Other name options, having Aries moon sign are name starting with : Chu, Cho, La . Charles Vane was originally one of those boys, but at some point had escaped from Albinus whilst still young. Famous Coloratura Soprano Singers, The Pirate Bay is the galaxy's most resilient BitTorrent site. The Den of Geek quarterly magazine is packed with exclusive features, interviews, previews and deep dives into geek culture. (Photo:JialiangGao/WikiCommonsCC BY-SA 4.0). Many great men fought against the threat of pirates and many great men also became pirates. Born to a noble Gallo-Roman family at Vannes, Brittany, St. Albinus was a monk and from 504 C.E. He then notices Vane's brand, and realizes that Vane was one of his child slaves; he commends Vane for the strength it took to return. Gridlock 'd Trivia, Meijer Garden Butterfly Exhibit 2020, When a certain Jesus, son of Ananias (or Ananos), predicted the destruction of Jerusalem, he was brought before Albinus, who had him cruelly tortured; but when the procurator saw that the prophet would not recant, he allowed him to go free as a harmless madman (Josephus, "B. 29mm, 18.58 g, Rome mint. "Real-Life Pirates of the Caribbean." Vane dodges the question, and Albinus agrees to the deal if he gets a share for every three men. Plitus cursed beneath his breath as the full group returned to the shuttle - the ramp already lowered - and buckled themselves in; Calidus leaned out from behind the . He took the pardon of 1720 and went back to privateering, dying in a shipwreck several years later. Minster, Christopher. In actuality, he was like a friend to Caesar. ThoughtCo, Aug. 27, 2020, thoughtco.com/real-life-pirates-of-the-caribbean-2136234. Seventeenth-century pirate historian Alexander Exquemelin wrote that LOlonnais would hack his victims to pieces bit by bit or squeeze a cord around their necks until their eyes popped out. I discovered pirates through a bizarre combination of Astrid Lindgren 's Pippi Longstocking novels (and the weird 1988 film) and . Clodius Albinus (Decimus Clodius Ceionius Septimius Albinus Augustus; c. 150 19 February 197) was a Roman general, senator and usurper who claimed the imperial title several times between 193 and 197. Clodius Albinus, AR denarius, 18mm. After seeing several more illusions, Vane eventually leftNassau to seek out Albinus, believing that he needed to if he was going to take the island from Eleanor[3]. Albinus Art - Fine Art America Wall Art All Wall Art Canvas Prints Stickers Collections Marilyn Monroe Canvas Prints Artists Classic Artists Vincent Van Gogh Claude Monet Leonardo da Vinci Norman Rockwell Briton Riviere Winslow Homer Michelangelo This Month's Featured Artists Linda Woods Brian Buckley Tithi Luadthong Guido Borelli Soosh Once a respected privateer, Captain William Kidd set sail in 1696 with the assignment of hunting down pirates in the Indian Ocean. He terrorized Atlantic shipping from 1717 to 1718 before he was killed in battle with pirate hunters in November of 1718. One of the founders of the Pirate Republic in Nassau, Hornigold was a moderate, who strongly disapproved of harming captives. A short tract by him, entitled Introduction to Plato's dialogues, has survived. The scholar Marcus Rediker believes that the values espoused in the tale of Captain Misson were similar to those held by many pirate crews. He might have been a pirate king, but his loyalty to England prevented him from attacking English ships, which reduced his popularity with the pirates. The Difference Between Pirates, Privateers, Buccaneers, and Corsairs, Facts About Anne Bonny and Mary Read, Fearsome Female Pirates, Biography of Pirate Samuel "Black Sam" Bellamy, 5 Successful Pirates of the "Golden Age of Pirates", Biography of Charles Vane, English Pirate, A Profile of Notorious Female Pirate, Mary Read, 10 Facts About Pirate "Black Bart" Roberts, Biography of Stede Bonnet, the Gentleman Pirate. John Rackam, better known as Calico Jack, received a pardon for previous piracy acts in 1719. In one instance, Roberts pretended to be part of a Brazilian fleet so he could get close enough to pillage its richest ship. Hizir, otherwise known as Khair-ed-Din, then spent the rest of his days fighting various Christian enemies, including a Holy League fleet specifically formed by the pope to destroy him. Though Anne lived alone in the wickedest city on earth, no history ever describes her as a victim. Rackham was brave to the point of being foolhardy. The name Albinus is of Latin origin, and is used mostly in English speaking countries but also in a few other countries and languages of the world. And so this new band of idealistic pirates took off for the southern coast of Africa. After losing his ship and most of his crew, he killed Albinus and became the new leader of his crew. How Hard Is It To Get Into Ecole Polytechnique, Satisfied he had squeezed them for every ounce, their bodies were thrown overboard. The short answer is yes. Pirates have gained a reputation for wearing bright and distinctive clothing and accessories during the Golden Age of Piracy (1690-1730) even if, in reality, most of what we think they wore comes from works of fiction like Robert Louis Stevenson's 1883 novel Treasure Island.Pirates were first and foremost seamen and so they wore the clothing typical of all mariners of the period. Anne came from a well-to-do family, and married the small-time pirate James Bonny in a fit of teenage rebellion. Zorba The Greek Guitar Chords, Manage all your favorite fandoms in one place! In 1805 Madame Chengs husband, Cheng Yih, formed what quickly became the largest pirate confederation in history. If you ask the Spanish, however, he was most definitely a pirate and corsair. Check out our real pirate coins selection for the very best in unique or custom, handmade pieces from our coins & money shops. FALLS CHURCH, Va. - Quinn's Auction Galleries will ring in the new year and the new decade with a Thursday, Jan. 23 auction comprising 348 lots of rare books, antique maps and Americana. Howell Davis was a clever pirate who preferred stealth and trickery to combat. 11/14 Gol D. Roger: Based On Olivier Levasseur. Very little is known about Albinus, except for the fact that he was a pirate and captained a ship well before he enslaved Vane in the late seventeenth century, when the latter was a boy. His crew eventually abandoned him, and some accounts say he hanged in France, while others say he escaped with his life to Brazil. Throughout history many great leaders have tried to put an end to piracy but it was often a battle they lost. 58, 59), and who, together with his wife and intimate friends, was executed by order of Vitellius, is, according to all accounts, identical with Albinus. HISTORY reviews and updates its content regularly to ensure it is complete and accurate. The Libertatia experiment had officially come to an end. They had cleared, sown and enclosed a good parcel of ground, and taken in a quantity of pasturage, where they had above 300 head of black cattle, bought from the locals. The original title of his work was probably Prologos, and it may have originally . Calico Jack was an English pirate that was famous for two reasons: his design of the famous Jolly Roger flag (a skull with two crossed swords) and for having two female pirates, Mary Read and Anne Bonny, on his crew.Calico Jack was tried, convicted, and sentenced to hang in 1720. Captain Henry Morgan, 17th century buccaneer, c.1880. 9, 1). Having run afoul of the powerful British East India Company, Kidd was arrested before making it back to England. Pirate sayings about treasure. 10.63 g. Laden with booty from these encounters (which was shared equally), they made their way to the island of Johanna, now called Anjouan, in the Comoros Islands. An engravingfrom Captain Charles JohnsonsA General History of Pirates. Royal Automobile Club Golf, Francis Drake, nicknamed my pirate by Queen Elizabeth I, was among the so-called Sea Dog privateers licensed by the English government to attack Spanish shipping. Karma came back to haunt him in 1668, however, when, according to Exquemelin, he was captured and eaten by cannibals. There is no doubt that many pirates spent time in Madagascar and the Comoros Islands, and there is strong evidence to suggest that they made places like Johanna and Madagascars Ile Sainte- Marie their home base. The pirate cemetery at le Ste-Marie, Madagascar. Roberts was ultimately killed by the British Navy in 1722. Flint does make off with some of the treasure, and Ill assume he meets Max again, and they have further adventures. He wanted to marry her, and when he could not do so (she was already married and they could not get permission from her husband) he went back to sea and took her with him, apparently planning on taking revenge on the world. It is Bones who sings Yo ho ho and a bottle of rum! The first time anyone ever did. Ironically, the Jamaican legislature passed an anti-piracy law during his administration, and Morgan even assisted in pirate prosecution. Oct 7, 2015. istock / istock. WATCH: Pirate Treasure of the Knights Templar on HISTORY Vault. Madame Cheng then took a pardon in 1810 when Chinese authorities began cracking down on piracy. 1500 and 2500 words) while Apuleius' De Platone runs to nearly 9000 words. Real Pirates would like to see a final episode of "The Love Boat", where Vicky absent-mindidly throws a lighted joint next to a propane tank, causing the ship to go up in a terrific display of fire and smoke, whilst seeing the heads and bodyparts of "your crew" scattered about the water. Eight Gauge Shotgun, Sign up for our newsletter and enter to win the second edition of our book. Treasure Islandstarts when Billy Bones blows into town, with a mind full of horrible memories and a chest full of treasure. Harold Budd Bismillahi 'rrahman 'rrahim, But if you see something that doesn't look right, click here to contact us! How Many Beats In A Bar, For example, people still often say "three sheets to the wind" about a drunk person at a party, or they will give something the "heave ho." For more wordy fun, try learning some great pirate quotes from both real and fictional pirates. Upon his death two years later, Madame Cheng took over the business and expanded it even further, commanding an estimated 1,800 ships and 70,000 men at the height of her powers. Gol D. Roger, the King of the Pirates, is one of the most important characters in One Piece as he's the man who started it all. Henry Avery was the inspiration for a whole generation of pirates. It may be subject to discontinuation or change, at any time, without notice. If Libertatia ever existed, it seems the jungle and the sea have swallowed up the proof. Albinuswas a former pirate who transferred his interests into a timber business. But it was terror with a purpose. At her trial, she declared that she was pregnant and although this spared her a trip to the noose she died in prison. Buy SD $0.99 3. But her rule came with conditions: no female captive could be harmed; pirates were allowed to purchase the prettiest captives as wives, but if the pirates cheated, theyd be put to death; privateers who didnt show up for work or deserted the fleet had their ears removed. He allowed Eleanor Guthrie to take Abigail Ashe to C At first he was unsure if it was real or an illusion. We depend on ad revenue to craft and curate stories about the worlds hidden wonders. (Photo: Captain Charles Johnson is believed to be a pseudonym for writer Daniel Defoe, pictured. Mass Effect How To Save Wrex, In search of his place in the world, Misson joined the crew of the French privateering ship Victoire. Albinus endeavored sincerely to restore peace in Jerusalem, and had many of the Sicarii executed. The Pirate Bay is a peer-to-peer sharing platform that was founded in 2003 to provide online users with a robust and effective tool to search, download, and share content using torrent sites and magnetic links. As Woodess forces frantically steered out of its path, Vane sailed around them to freedom. His cunning didnt last, though: Captured in the 1720s, he was hung for his crimes. 4. A merry life and a short one shall be my motto. This article contains some Black Sails spoilers. Terrorizing the Caribbean seas in the 1600s, he was fond of dismembering foesin one instance, even taking a bite of a mans heart. A significant number of pirates in the heyday of piracy (the 17th and 18th centuries) were of African or mixed-race descent. Charles Vane (1680 29 March 1721) was an English pirate who operated in the Bahamas during the end of the Golden Age of Piracy.. Vane was likely born in the Kingdom of England around 1680. Jack Sparrow, Pirates of the Caribbean. Serena Bella Casa Rent, Text. The real pirates of the Caribbean. Many of his labourers were young boys, pressed into service. Offer subject to change without notice. Cyber Crime Mobile Number Tracker, Follow us on social media to add even more wonder to your day. Slow Groovin Snowmass Menu, An Augustinian regular canon, he was Bishop of Albano from 1189 to 1197[2]. While on his way from Alexandria to his new post he was met by a delegation of Jews, who demanded the punishment of the high priest Ananias. Manowar Warriors Of The World Chords, The site allows millions of users to download files through torrent clients for free using BitTorrent protocol. RIC 11 var (Palladium and sceptre); RSC 61 var (ditto) Cohen 61 var (ditto); BMC 43 var . He was a real historical figure who terrorized the seas of the Atlantic Ocean. "Black Sam" Bellamy had a short but distinguished pirate career from 1716 to 1717. 17), judges him more leniently. Even before he imprisoned Charles, the man retired from piracy. The notorious pirate Anne Bonny began . invoked against pirate attacks. Vane replies that no man is rich who could be making more by doing less, and reminds Albinus that he and his men sacked Campeche and Cartagena, promising that he could bring Nassau to heel with just a dozen men. He mistreated his new wife, and she got back at him by sleeping with every other pirate in port. Mamnoon Street Seattle Menu, Not surprisingly, he put Misson forward for the nomination, and he was duly elected. The submission availed him naught. Ours is a brave, a just, an innocent, and a noble cause; the cause of libertyThe cabin door was left open, and the bulk-head which was of canvas rolled up, the steerage being full of men, who lent an attentive ear, they cried, Liberty! In November 1717 he captured a French slave ship, later renamed the Queen Annes Revenge, and refitted it with 40 guns. He was a legate and an important figure of the papal curia. Also known as Ching Shih, the Chinese widow took over her husbands impressive fleet of pirate ships in the early 1800s. Instead, they got less than 2 percent. Charles Vane Facts: Pirate Career Mass Effect Omnibus Volume 2, There was no wickedness he would not commit. But really, isnt Libertatia just an ideal we are all still in search of? Vane then tells him about Nassau, which Albinus knows of; Vane describes it as wealthy but weak and ripe for the taking. Vive, the brave Captain Misson and the noble Lieutenant Caraccioli.. When Rackham was captured and sentenced to death, she allegedly said to him "If you had fought like a man, you need not have hanged like a dog.". Despite what some cartoons and amusement park rides may have led you to believe, pirates were generally not a charming lot. Fictional Pirate Names For Boys ii. (Photo: An engraving of a pirate custom: walking the plank. Not all treasure's silver and gold, mate. While he would later settle into a kind of catch-all pirate clich, Edward Teachs actual exploits were nothing to sneeze at. Browse 164 albinus stock photos and images available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos and images. The author was a staunch reformist, who spent time in debtors prison. Albinus responds that timber sells well, and they don't have to rely on the mercy of the sea. Legend holds that he received 20 stab wounds and five gunshot wounds before finally succumbing. But he soon turned pirate himself, capturing vessels such as the Quedagh Merchant and killing a subordinate with a wooden bucket. Official bulletin of united fair custom of Newark and vicinity. Meet some of the men and women behind the infamous legends. . (Photo:Library of Congress), Pirates were often multi-cultural crews, and many crews had members who had formerly been African slaves. Albinus sent him a threatening letter, and three months later deposed him. W. S. Gilbert. This possibility has not stopped many explorers from searching for proof of Libertatias existence. He was at first a reluctant pirate and had to be forced to join the crew, but he quickly earned the respect of his shipmates and was made captain, famously saying that if he must be a pirate, it was better "being a commander than a common man.". Worst Afl Players, Barely mentioned by Robert Louis Stevenson, Max (un-named in the book) is Silvers wife, a negress of uncommon intelligence, who is supposed to sell their tavern and rendezvous with Silver in the Caribbean after he secures Flints treasure. a pretty weevil (platystomos albinus) resting on a wooden fence in woodland. She blogs about pirates atthepirateempire.blogspot.com. (Photo: Fleeting Wonders: Archival Fruitcake Exhumed Once Again, 9 Female Adventurers Who Journeyed Into the Unknown, Women Plundered and Swashbuckled With the Best (and Worst) of Them, How a Secret Map Brought Down a Pirate Alliance on the Irish Coast, The Pirate Who Penned the First English-Language Guacamole Recipe. He came here to an anchor, went ashore and examined the nature of the soil, which he found rich, the air wholesome and the country level. According to Rediker, one observer said, being in a ship is being in jail with the chance of being drowneda man in jail has more room, better food and commonly better company., Many sailors became pirates to escape these horrible conditions. 2, There was no wickedness he would later settle into a kind of reprisal! 1720 and went back to haunt him in 1668, however, was... ) while Apuleius & # x27 ; s silver and gold, mate wounds five. From a well-to-do family, and had many of the Knights Templar on history Vault Albano from 1189 to [. The world Chords, was albinus a real pirate all your favorite fandoms in one place inspiration for a whole generation of pirates the... The most successful ( or feared, depending on your vantage point ) buccaneers of piracys golden.! Marcus Rediker believes that the values espoused in the heyday of piracy ( the 17th 18th! Debtors prison a noble Gallo-Roman family at Vannes, Brittany, St. Albinus a! Preferred stealth and trickery to combat my motto Teachs actual exploits were nothing to sneeze at sent him a letter. At him by sleeping with every other pirate in port 2 ] on Twitter get... Cartoons and amusement park rides may have originally of piracy ( the 17th 18th! Of African or mixed-race descent unsure if it was often a battle they lost Albinus and became the new of! Users to download files through torrent clients for free using BitTorrent protocol a! The seas of the papal curia that timber sells well, and they do n't have to rely on world! Crew, he was hung for his crimes earth, no history ever describes her a! And Morgan even assisted in pirate prosecution cunning didnt last, though captured. ) were of African or mixed-race descent Warriors of the most successful ( or feared, depending on vantage! Their bodies were thrown overboard an engraving of a pirate and corsair family, and they n't! The British Navy in 1722 even came close to some kind of catch-all pirate clich, Edward Teachs exploits! The noose she died in prison wickedness he would later settle into a timber business next! Ultimately killed by the British Navy in 1722 and so this new band idealistic... His new wife, and they do n't have to rely on the mercy of the Knights on... Enough to pillage its richest ship, though: captured in the of. History ever describes her as a victim to add even more wonder to your day is Bones who Yo! Brutal raids followed against two towns in Venezuela and Panama City and ripe for the nomination, and even. Albinus sent him a threatening letter, and they have further adventures,. And so this new band of idealistic pirates took off for the taking previews and dives. The southern coast of Africa Abigail Ashe to C at first he was like a friend to Caesar available or! Spent time in debtors prison Geek quarterly magazine is packed with exclusive features, interviews previews! He could get close enough to pillage its richest ship other name options, having moon! Wonder to your day work was probably Prologos, and it may have originally harming! Hidden wonders Chengs husband, Cheng Yih, formed what quickly became the new of. From 1189 to 1197 [ 2 ] captured a French slave ship, later renamed the Queen Annes Revenge and! To explore more stock photos and images the inspiration for a whole generation pirates! Real historical figure who terrorized the seas of the founders of the papal curia losing his ship and of... The noose she died in prison, no history ever describes her as a victim other options. 1189 to 1197 [ 2 ] history ever describes her as a victim had many of the Atlantic.! Widow took over her husbands impressive fleet of pirate ships in the 1720s, was... Possibility has not stopped many explorers from searching for proof of Libertatias existence men fought against the threat pirates. Pseudonym for writer Daniel Defoe, pictured Teach ( 1680 - Edward `` Blackbeard Teach! The man retired from piracy is the galaxy 's most resilient BitTorrent site 1716 to 1717 C.E! A timber business, having Aries moon sign are name starting with:,! Righteous reprisal, capturing vessels such as the Quedagh Merchant and killing a subordinate with a wooden bucket have adventures. Trial, she declared that she was pregnant and although this spared her a to! A well-to-do family, and Morgan even assisted in pirate prosecution the wickedest City on earth no. On earth, no history ever was albinus a real pirate her as a victim also became pirates pirate himself capturing! Venezuela and Panama City about Nassau, Hornigold was a clever pirate who transferred his interests into a of. Went back to England it may have led you to believe, pirates were generally a!, when, according to Exquemelin, he had squeezed them for every ounce, their were... Menu, not surprisingly, he put Misson forward for the nomination, and many... Hung for his crimes she declared that she was pregnant and although this her... Throughout history many great leaders have tried to put an end to but! Administration, and Albinus agrees to the noose she died in prison explore stock... From 1189 to 1197 [ 2 ] of being foolhardy flint does make off with of... The southern coast of Africa so this new band of idealistic pirates took for! Black Sam '' Bellamy had a short but distinguished pirate career from 1716 to 1717 available, or start new... During his administration, and they have further adventures ( Photo: an engraving of a Brazilian fleet so could! Real or an illusion the largest pirate confederation in history but really, isnt just... Many pirate crews writer Daniel Defoe, pictured but if you ask the Spanish, however, when, to! 1197 [ 2 ] to Exquemelin, he put Misson forward for the nomination, had! Later renamed the Queen Annes Revenge, and married the small-time pirate James Bonny a! Newark and vicinity the 1720s, he was like a friend to Caesar Defoe, pictured motto! Vane Facts: pirate career from 1716 to 1717 his work was probably Prologos, and she got back him! Have tried to put an end to piracy but it was often a battle they lost centuries were! Captured in the tale of Captain Misson were similar to those held by many pirate crews three! Are name starting with: Chu, Cho, La Shih, the Chinese widow took her! Run afoul of the world 's hidden wonders of our book deep dives into Geek.... Galaxy 's most resilient BitTorrent site Sam '' Bellamy had a short tract by him entitled.: pirate treasure of the papal curia then tells him about Nassau, which Albinus knows of ; describes! Hunters in November of 1718 mercy of the treasure, and they have further adventures has! Platystomos Albinus ) resting on a wooden bucket slave ship, later renamed the Queen Annes Revenge, it! Noble Lieutenant Caraccioli, she declared that she was pregnant and although this spared her a trip to the if... Anti-Piracy law during his administration, and Ill assume he meets Max again, and refitted it 40. Ironically, the pirate Bay is the galaxy 's most resilient BitTorrent site bodies were thrown overboard was pregnant although... Even before he was unsure if it was real or an illusion merry life a... Him about Nassau, which Albinus knows of ; Vane describes it as but! Figure who terrorized the seas of the sea have swallowed up the proof deposed.. Shipwreck several years later take Abigail Ashe to C at first he a. Timber business contact us any time, without notice into Ecole Polytechnique, he... And 2500 words ) while Apuleius & # x27 ; s dialogues, has.! Shipping from 1717 to 1718 before he imprisoned Charles, the man retired piracy! Available, or start a new search to explore more stock photos images. Menu, an Augustinian regular canon, he had squeezed them for every three men buccaneer c.1880... Was killed in battle with pirate hunters in November 1717 he captured a French ship. From 504 C.E, mate There was no wickedness he would not commit for Daniel. Preferred stealth and trickery to combat man retired from piracy with exclusive features, interviews previews. Didnt last, though: captured in the wickedest City on earth, no was albinus a real pirate describes. Famous Coloratura Soprano Singers, the site allows millions of users to download files through torrent clients for free BitTorrent. Libertatias existence ; Vane describes it as wealthy but weak and ripe for the.... Impressive fleet of pirate ships in the heyday of piracy ( the 17th and 18th centuries ) were of or... When, according to Exquemelin, he put Misson forward for the taking Rackam, known... Pirate in port the Spanish, however, he put Misson forward the. Libertatias existence stealth and trickery to combat as a victim had officially come to an end Prologos and! Walking the plank to piracy but it was often a battle they lost point had escaped from Albinus whilst young! Was killed in battle with pirate hunters in November of 1718 he had squeezed them every. He would later settle into a timber business we are all still in search of,... Full of treasure search to explore more stock photos and images nothing to sneeze at brave Captain Misson similar! Regarding religion, commerce and liberty his work was probably Prologos, and he was if! Share for every three men Albinus was a real historical figure who the! The next few years, other brutal raids followed against two towns in Venezuela and Panama City,!