The fertile arable land in rural, sub-town, town, sub-cities, and cities of Ethiopia is grabbed by different government authorities and individuals for construction of the house, school, road, etc. The food demand and price are increased in the recent decade than ever in Ethiopia. Ethiopia's economy is dependent on agriculture, which accounts for 40 percent of the GDP, 80 percent of exports, and an estimated 75 percent of the country's workforce. The government in Ethiopia has implemented various agricultural policies such as market liberalization, structural adjustment, Agricultural-Led Industrialization, Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Program, Participatory and Accelerated Sustainable Development to Eradicate Poverty and successive Growth and . In some places high salinity and sodicity/alkalinity levels coupled with poor drainage of the soils are at present resulting in quite a large area of productive lands being abandoned from cultivation. the major issues discussed are: instability in grain prices finance and credit post production losses transportation and communication grades and standards storage processing information transactions costs f table 1: problems and knowledge gaps in grain marketing and probable solutions a constraint for Deforestation is a contributor to global climate change, and is often cited as one of the major causes of the enhanced greenhouse effect [7]. It was highly aggravated in the Middle East countries of the world (Figure 2). Furthermore, this sector requires marketing opportunities to export to foreign countries. Ethiopia is vulnerable to climate change. In Ethiopia, smallholder agriculture is vulnerable mainly to recurrent drought and human induced factors owing to population pressure. In addition, the countrys agriculture highly depends on rain-fed. Weak institutional and policy frameworks further may fail to enforce proper land administration and use (Dubovyk, 2017). Soil erosion is a serious problem in Ethiopia. For many low-income families, low harvests mean they do not have enough food and are unable to eat nutritious food on a regular basis. Therefore, it requires taking critical actions to solve it. Agriculture is the foundation of Ethiopia's economy. Whereas the temperature increased by 1.3C from 1960 to 2006 (Asaminew & Diriba, 2015). The eroded soil resulted in infertile soil, low moisture-holding capacity, and a low amount of yield per hectare to be produced (Lebeda et al., 2010). Our analysis select coffee, teff, wheat, maize, barley, and sorghum because these crops constitute Ethiopias main agricultural economy and the priority for enhancing export earnings and for ensuring food security as well as agro-industrial development (Amede et al. Ethiopia is a country of peasants with primitive agriculture. ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute). In some parts, utilization of the water resources is hindered because of the undulating topography of the country. Further, families are unable to purchase basic necessities, as there is no income from the sale of crops. Major problems of Ethiopian agriculture are: unemployment, wetland waterlogging, salinity in arid and semi-arid regions, acidity in areas with excessive rainfall, Furthermore, low quality of education in terms of poor physical facilities, lack of well-trained teachers, and shortage of learning materials, exacerbate the problems of the educational system. The world conservation union, Nairobi, Kenya, How does population density influence agricultural intensification and productivity? It also did not indicate methods of curbing environmental degradation that could result from the lease of the natural resources to private investment be it agriculture or mining. The farming system in Ethiopia is disintegrated among stakeholders; namely: agricultural researchers, development experts, and farmers for a long period of time in the past. How much of Ethiopias land is under cultivation? Statistical development series no.12, 2000 world census of agriculture, FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations). What is constraints of Ethiopian agriculture? The country has also ample opportunity in. Land degradation is not limited to Ethiopia but it is a problem of the world. FAO (2016) indicated that in Ethiopia the water flows along the Nile Basin, Rift valley, Shebelli-Juba, and the Northeast coast has the potential to irrigate about 5.7 million ha., but at present, about 2.7 million ha is utilized. This aggravated soil erosion, low agricultural output, conflict, and food insecurity in the country (MoFAN (Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Netherlands), 2018). Pest management support services strategy for Ethiopia. The country has also ample opportunity in the areas of animal production that ranks first in Africa in the number of livestock heads. Deforestation caused the destruction of carbon sinks and reduced agricultural productivity in a vicious circle. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons CC BY license, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Environmental issues such as water pollution (as a result of agricultural and industrial runoffs, etc. The rise in an average temperature exhibited a spatial and temporal variation over the country. Expansion of large-scale agricultural investments (land grabbing) in these areas is the current government's focus and resulting in the loss and unsustainable utilization of natural resources. Following climate change, the small-scale, and landless farmers migrate to the urban to seek other employment opportunities, especially male members of rural households, which is leading, in turn, to the feminization of farming in many parts of the world (FAO, 2017). It improves the drastic cuts in economy-wide and agricultural fossil fuel use by addressing climate change, prevent emerging transboundary agricultural threats like pests and natural hazards, which affects all ecosystems and every aspect of human life through International collaboration (FAO, 2017). Out of these, the cookies that are categorized as necessary are stored on your browser as they are essential for the working of basic functionalities of the website. Depressed commodity prices are the leading cause of this drop in exports. So, it is suggested that balancing the productive and dependent manpower is important because manpower planning is a very important tool and technique of human resources in any sector of development. Therefore, this paper is devoted to reviewing the existing agricultural challenges and future prospects in the country. crop productions and animal rearing) took place. The overall food prices in Ethiopia were inflated from 7.4 to 15.8% between the years of 20142019 (http://knoema.com/atlas). Since Ethiopia's economy depends mostly on agriculture (about 45 to 50% of GDP), natural causes such as drought and sometimes unpredictable flooding put the entire economy of Ethiopia in a very bad shape and leave many starving. Intensive Subsistence Farming (with or without Rice as a dominant crop): , Machinery including computers: US$1.7 billion (11.4% of total imports), Animal/vegetable fats, oils, waxes: $1.4 billion (9.1%), Mineral fuels including oil: $1.1 billion (7.1%), Electrical machinery, equipment: $1 billion (6.6%). According to the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU), Ethiopia's GDP growth rate will increase by around 7.8% to 10% by 2023. The amount of river-based water in Ethiopia could be 124.4 billion cubic meters (Berhanu et al., 2014). Land degradation impact index (GLADIS). The increased population and landlessness of the subsequent farming generations led to unwise use of natural resources in general and forest in particular. The urgency and complexity of the problem of lack of food self-sufficiency, the inefficiency of economic development forced the Ethiopia government to secure food at very high cost (FAO, 2011; USDA (United States Department of Agriculture), 2010). The maize lethal necrotic viruses, leaf and fruit spot of citrus (Pseudocercospora angolensis), Bacterial wilt (Pseudomonas solanacearum) of ginger (Duressa, 2018), garlic rot (Sclerotium cepivorum Berk), Bacterial wilt of ginger (Ralstonia solanacearum), and new races of wheat stem rust (Puccinia graminis f. sp.tritici (1b) are among the major crop diseases (MoANR (Ministry of Agriculture and Natural Resources), 2016). The rural population density affects agricultural intensification and productivity. Agriculture is the backbone of the Ethiopian economy. Illiteracy is another major reason why Ethiopia wallows in poverty. Table 11. Other stakeholders like nongovernmental national and international organizations and funding agencies are required to contribute toward solving the critical problems facing Ethiopia and developing countries in general in the areas of advancement of agriculture. In addition, it is required that establishing a policy of investment that supports producing hybrid cattle, sheep, goats, and poultry. It was partitioned for farmers of more than 18years as per the Derge land tenure system. Working together to achieve food security is becoming a requirement in the current era. Agriculture (70% of employment, but 40% of GDP) is not very productive and is sensitive to weather conditions and changes in world commodity prices. For instance, the citrus leaf miner, mango white scale, two-spotted spider mites, American fall armyworm, and mango fruit flies. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Analytics". In contrast to this finding, Knippenberg et al. Problems of Agriculture In Nigeria with examples. Which flower will blooms once in 12 years? Ethiopia seed system development strategy, Water resources and irrigation development in Ethiopia, International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Theoretical and empirical review of Ethiopian water resource potentials, challenges and future development opportunities, Proxy global assessment of land degradation, review article, Challenges and potential of future agricultural development in Jordan: Role of education and entrepreneurship, Climate variability and farmers Perception in Southern Ethiopia, Projecting Ethiopian demographics from 20122050 using the spectrum suite of models, Livelihood options of landless households and land contracts in north-west Ethiopia, Policies and programs affecting land management practices, input use, and productivity in the highlands of Amhara region, Ethiopia, International Food Policy Research Institute, Surface water and groundwater resources of Ethiopia: Potentials and challenges of water resources development, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian Highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Deforestation and land degradation in the Ethiopian highlands: A strategy for physical recovery, Policies to promote cereal intensification in Ethiopia: A review of evidence and experience, The Future Prospects for Global Arable Land, CSIRO Plant Industry, CRC Tropical Plant Protection, University of Queensland. Improving irrigation technology like water harvesting technology is the best option to reduce water losses and improve water use efficiency from the soil-plant system. The one who owns a large family and cattle received more. Feed shortage was the primary constraint in both areas. Alleviation of poverty and food, insecurity requires increasing smallholder productivity through the development and distribution of new seed varieties, chemical fertilizers, mechanized farm tools, and equipment, eco-friendy pesticides; electricity and credit facilities (Byerlee & Spielman, 2007; Dorosh & Rashid, 2013; Stefan et al., 2008). Deforestation 4. These activities will reduce farm demand, political instability, tension, migration, and degradation of the existing arable land. Although the most smallholders cannot obtain more land except through resettlement and migration or wealth permitting registration as commercial farmers (Headey et al., 2014). It does not store any personal data. 4 Why agriculture is the backbone of Ethiopian economy? Your email address will not be published. Global land degradation information system (GLADIS), Land degradation assessment in dry lands technical report, 17, The economics of desertification, land degradation, and drought toward an integrated global assessment. It also affects the natural ecosystem, soil organic carbon, and soil health which is estimated to reach 212 Gt by 2050 (UNCCD, 2019). Despite the numerous challenges, Ethiopia has marvelous opportunities like the commercialization of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental plant productions. Nevertheless, arable land is an indispensable resource for Ethiopians to secure food and food self-sufficiency. The mono-cropping system of some crops in the central highland of Ethiopia also led to nutrient depletion (Merga & Ahmed, 2019). IUCN (international union for conservation of nature). However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. This particular sector determines the growth of all other sectors and consequently the whole national economy. Ethiopia is a landlocked country split by the Great Rift Valley. These situations have resulted in the losses of resources, the rising tide of hunger and poverty. The country has also a great variety of climate and soil types that can grow diverse horticultural crops for home consumption and foreign markets (Ashinie & Tefera, 2019). This made the farmers unable to withstand seasonal risks of crop failure or animal deaths that even worsen the problem and force them to live in continuous poverty and are hopeless. Collaborating with agro ecology, agroforestry, climate-smart agriculture, and conservation agriculture could boost drastic cuts in the Ethiopian economy. Ethiopians have dominantly practiced a mixed agricultural activity. The policies the government put down has a long way in expanding the agricultural sector in the country. It constitutes over 50% of the gross domestic product (GDP), accounts for over 85% of the labour force and earns over 90% of the foreign exchange [2]. This also contributed to displacements and landlessness that even currently became a security problem at large in the country. Deforestation or forest degradation in Ethiopia takes a lead among the major problems that forest resources are encountered. Figure 2. Agricultural investment potential of Ethiopia. ATA (Agricultural Transformation Agency). MoARD (Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Development). To evaluate the efficacy of some non-chemical control methods, Eucalyptus . These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. Ethiopia is rich in animal genetic resources, both in diversity and population. A high density of termite mounds is common in the Maki-Batu area of the Central Rift Valley of Ethiopia. Getachew E, Nibret M (2014) Major reproductive health disorders in cross breed dairy cows in Ada'a district, East . This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The political unrest was expressed in frequent protests that resulted in the loss of the existing resources of both private and public such as mechanized farm equipment, shelters, floriculture, personal house, shops, materials, other farm equipment, and tools of the researchers institute and campaigns are a real crisis of visions that could bring a total failure of understanding, and unwilling to work devotional following this unrest and harassment especially discouraging private investors in the agricultural sector (FAO, 2019; ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), 2017; ATA, 2014; ATA, 2013). Agriculture constitutes over 50% of economic sector in Ethiopia, and the largest dependable economic activity. The global soil organic carbon nets primary production is reduced at least by 5% due to the loss of natural ecosystem functions, which is estimated at an economic value of between 6.3 USD-$10.6 trillion per year (or 1017% of global GDP) (UNCCD, 2019). This might be achieved through significant changes in government policies in the utilization of resources for sustainable development. Globally, countries are interdependent on the path of sustainable development but challenged by achieving coherent, effective national and international governance with clear developmental objectives and commitments to achieve (UNDESA, 2008). Its rate has increased with increasing of Ethiopians, overgrazes, deforestations, utilizes of dung, and crop residues for fuel and other uses. Ethiopia will be ranked fifth in the rate of population increment globally (UNDESA (United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs), 2019). What is causing the plague in Thebes and how can it be fixed? 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