He retained Sharif-Emami's civilian government, hoping that protesters would avoid taking the streets. In these "Ten Nights" (Dah Shab) 57 of Iran's most prominent poets and writers read their works to thousands of listeners. The Shiraz-Persepolis summer arts festival was established, showcasing music, dance, drama, poetry and film from Iran and elsewhere. [15] By 11 February 1979, the monarchy was officially brought down and Khomeini assumed leadership over Iran while guerrillas and rebel troops overwhelmed Pahlavi loyalists in armed combat. Students began to take to the streets in protest. It increased the power and number of clerics on the Council of Guardians and gave it control over elections[214] as well as laws passed by the legislature. They demanded the end of censorship and claimed the freedom of expression. The event became known to foreign observers as "The Day Tehran Burned. [284][285] Opinion polls and observers report widespread dissatisfaction, including a "rift" between the revolutionary generation and younger Iranians who find it "impossible to understand what their parents were so passionate about. [111] Censorship was effectively terminated, and the newspapers began reporting heavily on demonstrations, often highly critically and negatively of the Shah. The sense that in both agriculture and industry too much had been attempted too soon and that the government, either through corruption or incompetence, had failed to deliver all that was promised was manifested in demonstrations against the regime in 1978. [16], The Cultural Revolution united the theological schools in Qom with state universities and brought secular teachers to Qom for a time. But the Shah's increasingly authoritarian measures and his eventual dismissal of multiparty rule set the stage for the infamous revolution. The government also began to prosecute corrupt government and royal family members. [51] Police forcibly removed and tore chadors off women who resisted his ban on the public hijab. For example, organized feminism which was around since the Pahlavi dynasty, joined the revolutionary movement after the Shah dropped the cabinet position on Women's Affairs to appease the Islamists. [308] During the reign of Reza Shah, the government mandated the removal of the veil and promoted the education of young girls. By mid-December, 1978, hundreds of thousands of people, led by religious leaders, came out in anti-government demonstrations. neither Soviet nor American / West European models), and called for the overthrow of capitalism, American influence, and social injustice in the Middle East and the rest of the world. [294][295] Maternal and infant mortality rates have also been cut significantly. The guard eventually grew into "a full-scale" military force,[200] becoming "the strongest institution of the revolution."[201]. Middle class Iranians could afford to buy their own apartment and travel abroad. The land reform, instead of allying the peasants with the government, produced large numbers of independent farmers and landless laborers who became loose political cannons, with no feeling of loyalty to the Shah. Well written article. Unfortunately there are little to no democratic alternatives which means it is up to the allies of the free world to come together and build a better future for Iran. The British, however, were outraged and accused him of stealing. Corrections? [181] Despite this mobilization and high participation rate of women, they were still kept out of leadership positions which were exclusive to men; women are thought to be part of the rank and file rather than the elite strata of the revolution. "[173], It has been argued that Khomeini and his fellow leaders danced around the issue of women's rights and rather focused their rhetoric on mobilizing women through encouraging them to participate in protests and fueling their anti-Shah sentiments. Trade with the West, which was curtailed after the revolution because of sanctions, was a boost to the economy. The 1979 revolution, which brought together Iranians across many different social groups, has its roots in Irans long history. [171] Some women were also part of the inner circle of the leaders of the new regime such as Marzieh Hadidchi. On 20 March 1890, the long-standing Iranian monarch Nasir al-Din Shah granted a concession to British Major G. F. Talbot for a full monopoly over the production, sale, and export of tobacco for 50 years. By 1976, the Shah had accumulated upward of $1billion from oil revenue; his family including 63 princes and princesses had accumulated between $5 and $20billion; and the family foundation controlled approximately $3billion. While land owners raked in profits from sales, many sharecroppers failed to subsist on their own crops, let alone make a profit. Tens of thousands of people took to the streets shouting "Burn the Shah!" [6][7] Beginning in 1963, Pahlavi implemented a number of reforms aimed at modernizing Iranian society, in what is known as the White Revolution. In a desperate move, he once had his soldiers lock a movie theater full of people in, set the theater on fire, and then tried to blame it on religious fanatics, hoping to scare his people into keeping him in power. It resisted westernization and saw Ayatollah Khomeini as following in the footsteps of the Shi'a Imam Husayn ibn Ali, with the Shah playing the role of Husayn's foe, the hated tyrant Yazid I. [267][268] Iran also began its economic cooperation with China that includes political, strategic and economic components between the two nations. [146] The welcoming crowd of several million Iranians was so large he was forced to take a helicopter after the car taking him from the airport was overwhelmed by an enthusiastic welcoming crowd.[147]. Regardless of how old we are, we never stop learning. The Cultural Revolution (1980-1983; Persian: : Enqelbe Farhangi) was a period following the Iranian Revolution, when the academia of Iran was purged of Western and non-Islamic influences (including traditionalist unpolitical Islamic doctrines) to align them with the revolutionary and political Islam. This conflict lasted only a few months however. [98][99], By 1977, the Shah's policy of political liberalization was underway. [194], The most important bodies of the revolution were the Revolutionary Council, the Revolutionary Guards, Revolutionary Tribunals, Islamic Republican Party, and Revolutionary Committees (komitehs).[195]. The Green Movement in 2009 was a clear reflection that the people of Iran were, and still are, quite unhappy with the Islamic regime and its constitution.12 He hopes this could possibly lead to him and many others finally being able to return back to their home country. The Iranian Revolution, also known as the Islamic Revolution, . In turn, Shariatmadari pledged that to make sure that there would be no violence during the demonstrations. The need for Cultural Revolution which is an Islamic issue and demand of the Muslim nation has been recognized for sometimes but so far no effective effort has been made to respond to this need and the Muslim nation and the devoted and faithful students, in particular, are concerned and are worried of the machinations of plotters, which every now and then become evident and the Muslim nation are worried that God forbidden the opportunity is missed and no positive action is taken and the culture remains the same as the time of the corrupt regime which the cultured officials put these important centers under the disposal of colonialists. Khomeini was released after eight months of house arrest and continued his agitation, condemning Iran's close cooperation with Israel and its capitulations, or extension of diplomatic immunity, to American government personnel in Iran. The regime reacted quickly, sending Revolutionary Guards to retake the TV station, mediators to defuse complaints and activists to stage a massive pro-Khomeini counter-demonstration. ", Another aspect was that many teachers, engineers, economists, doctors, and technocrats left Iran to escape the Cultural Revolution. Removal of Shah's statue by the people in University of Tehran. Jones, Milo L., and Philippe Silberzahn. [96] Against this background a first crucial manifestation of public expression of social discontent and political protest against the regime took place in October 1977, when the German-Iranian Cultural Association in Tehran hosted a series of literature reading sessions, organized by the newly revived Iranian Writers Association and the German Goethe-Institute. According to Bernard Lewis: "Iran was indeed Islamized, but it was not Arabized. [142][145], Bakhtiar invited Khomeini back to Iran, with the intention of creating a Vatican-like state in the holy city of Qom, declaring that "We will soon have the honor of welcoming home the Ayatollah Khomeini". This reminds me of when Czar Romanov when him and his family were forced to flee for their lives. The situation in Iran, and in the Middle East in general is something that those people do not deserve to be experiencing. [208] In succession the National Democratic Front was banned in August 1979, the provisional government was disempowered in November, the Muslim People's Republican Party was banned in January 1980, the People's Mujahedin of Iran guerrillas came under attack in February 1980, a purge of universities started in March 1980, and the liberal Islamist President Abolhassan Banisadr was impeached in June 1981. But there was increasing turmoil and dissent. Although the lives of men were also affected, the lives of women changed most drastically due to many laws taking their rights away. This both angered his followers, who considered him a martyr at the hands of SAVAK, and removed a potential revolutionary rival to Khomeini. [114] Mashhad (the second largest city in Iran) was abandoned to the protesters, and in many provincial towns demonstrators were effectively in control. Thousands of tapes and print copies of Khomeinis speeches were smuggled back into Iran during the 1970s as an increasing number of unemployed and working-poor Iraniansmostly new migrants from the countryside, who were disenchanted by the cultural vacuum of modern urban Iranturned to the ulama for guidance. In 1964, he was exiled from Iran. [Note 8] For some it was "the most significant, hopeful and profound event in the entirety of contemporary Islamic history,"[281] while other Iranians believe that the revolution was a time when "for a few years we all lost our minds",[282] and which "promised us heaven, but created a hell on earth. The American "Operation Ajax", orchestrated by the CIA, was aided by the British MI6 in organizing a military coup d'tat to oust Mossadegh. In 1978 he was forced to leave Iraq by the countrys ruler, Saddam Hussein. Serving under the Pasdaran were/are the Baseej-e Mostaz'afin, ("Oppressed Mobilization")[202] volunteers in everything from earthquake emergency management to attacking opposition demonstrators and newspaper offices. Relying heavily on American support amidst the Cold War, he remained the Shah of Iran for 26 years after the coup, effectively keeping the country from swaying towards the influence of the Eastern Bloc and the Soviet Union. [117][139], Increasing contact was established with the pro-Khomeini camp. One law lowered the age of marriage for girls to eight years old, and another gave fathers the right of child custody in the case of a divorce. [19], It was continued by the Supreme Cultural Revolution Council[20][citation needed] in December 1984. [222], After the revolution, human rights groups estimated the number of casualties suffered by protesters and prisoners of the new system to be several thousand. [247], When leaders of the National Front called for a demonstration in June 1981 in favor of Banisadr, Khomeini threatened its leaders with the death penalty for apostasy "if they did not repent". He left Iran on 3 February. . These revolts began in April 1979 and lasted between several months to over a year, depending on the region. "[180] During 1978 and 1979 there were many gatherings in women's homes where they exchanged interpersonal news and anecdotes. Also, its disturbing that women have little to no rights in the way of marriage and or divorce in Iran. Pre-Revolution Iranian Culture The earliest writings on Islamic music were from the 9th century The earliest songs were the huda,from the huda came nasb, rukbani and many other kinds of music, these all came from the nomadic people In the markets competitions of music and poetry were held frequently. There was also concern that a Shia-centric revolution in Iran may stimulate a similar uprising in Iraq, where the country's Sunni minority ruled over the Shia majority. "[175] Khomeini pleaded for women to participate in anti-Shah demonstrations in various cities. Mosaddegh was unmoved by Britain's campaign against him. [245], By mid-1981 matters came to a head. Fashion in Iran Pre-Revolution was very westernized. The late shahs oldest son, Reza Pahlavi, the crown prince of Iran, has expressed his support for these new protests. Like the hostage crisis, the war served in part as an opportunity for the government to strengthen revolutionary ardour and revolutionary groups;[citation needed] the Revolutionary Guard and committees at the expense of its remaining allies-turned-opponents, such as the MEK. Iran Culture (Pre-Islamic Revolution) =) Describe some major iranian movies, including there plot and directors In 1930 the first iranian slient film was made by proffessor ( Ovanes Ohanian) called Hawii Agha. [2] The cultural revolution sometimes involved violence in taking over the university campuses. [57], In 1941, an invasion of allied British and Soviet troops deposed Reza Shah, who was considered friendly to Nazi Germany, and installed his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi as Shah. [313] During the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, a faux same-sex wedding occurred between two young men with ties to the royal court, which became a source of shame and outrage for some citizens and was utilized by Islamists as further evidence of the "immoral" monarchy. . [237], Hundreds were injured by "rocks, clubs, chains and iron bars" when Hezbollahi attacked the protesters,[235] and shortly after, a warrant was issued for the arrest of the NDF's leader. "Western" and government symbols such as cinemas, bars, state-owned banks, and police stations were set ablaze. Several events in the 1970s set the stage for the 1979 revolution. Instead, it paved the way for an Islamic Revolution. In June 1982, with Iraqi forces all but expelled from Iranian territory, the Iraqi government offered a ceasefire. [26], The Council and its subordinate institutions have been adopting more progressive policies in a departure from certain instances in the past. One thing I found alarming about the establishment of an Islamic Republic was the change of the marriage age for women to the age of eight years old. [9][6][111] By the beginning of November, many important officials in the Shah's government were demanding from the Shah forceful measures to bring the strikers back to work. [308] However, the push-back of the Shii clerics made progress difficult, and the government had to contain its promotion of basic women's rights to the norms of the patriarchal social hierarchy in order to accommodate the clerics. [260][261] While enormously costly and destructive, the war "rejuvenate[d] the drive for national unity and Islamic revolution" and "inhibited fractious debate and dispute" in Iran. It led to the replacement of the Imperial State of Iran by the present-day Islamic Republic of Iran, as the monarchical government of Mohammed Reza Pahlavi was superseded by the theocratic government of Ruhollah Khomeini, a religious cleric who had headed one of the rebel factions. The implementation of these new policies sparked the beginnings of the well-known Iranian Revolution. [171] Women were so pivotal to the revolution that in response to a suggestion from a top aid to ban women from coming to group audience, Khomeini said "I threw the Shah out with these women, there's no problem in their coming. [324] Real GNI per capita in 2011 constant international dollars decreased after the revolution and during the Iran-Iraq war from $7762 in 1979 to $3699 at the end of the war in 1989. In January 1979, in what was officially described as a vacation, the shah and his family fled Iran. [14], By summer, the protests had stagnated, remaining at a steady rate for four months, with about 10,000 participants in each major citywith the exception of Isfahan, where protests were larger, and Tehran, where they were smallerprotesting every 40 days. [327], The economy has become slightly more diversified since the revolution, with 80% of Iranian GDP dependent on oil and gas as of 2010,[328] comparing to above 90% at the end of the Pahlavi period. [24], Much of Iranian society was in euphoria about the coming revolution. However, as major ideological tensions persisted between Pahlavi and Khomeini, anti-government demonstrations began in October 1977, eventually developing into a campaign of civil resistance that included elements of secularism and Islamism. Reaffirming himself as the legitimate leader, he declared that: Iran has one government. [274], In Pakistan, it has been noted that the "press was largely favorable towards the new government"; the Islamist parties were even more enthusiastic; while the ruler, General Zia-ul-Haq, himself on an Islamization drive since he took power in 1977, talked of "simultaneous triumph of Islamic ideology in both our countries" and that "Khomeini is a symbol of Islamic insurgence." [64], The post-revolutionary leaderShia cleric Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeinifirst came to political prominence in 1963 when he led opposition to the Shah and his White Revolution. [178] Many Western educated upper-middle-class women from secular, urban and professional families were involved as well as many women from working-class and rural backgrounds. Ayatollah Khameneis responses the president & the chairman of SCCR to the questions posed by experts of public relation department of the SCCR in June 1985. [264], For Israel, relations dates back to the Shah until relations were cut on 18 February 1979 when Iran adopted its anti-Zionist stance. [167], The Iranian Revolution was a gendered revolution; much of the new regime's rhetoric was centered on the position of women in Iranian society. His influence grew drastically from the mid-1970s. Sharif-Emami entered into negotiations with Ayatollah Shariatmadari and National Front leader Karim Sanjabi in order to help organize future elections. However Iran was "galvanized"[258] by the invasion and the populace of Iran rallied behind their new government in an effort to repel the invaders. https://www.britannica.com/event/Iranian-Revolution, GlobalSecurity.org - Iranian Civil Strife - Coming of the Revolution, International Centre on Non Violent Conflict - The Iranian Revolution (1977-1979). Islamic Government: Governance of the Jurist (Velayat-e faqih), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Revolution_in_Iran&oldid=1134266979, Articles with dead external links from May 2016, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with style issues from July 2011, Cleanup tagged articles without a reason field from July 2011, Wikipedia pages needing cleanup from July 2011, Articles with multiple maintenance issues, Articles containing Persian-language text, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2009, Articles with unsourced statements from October 2014, Articles with unsourced statements from April 2019, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 17 January 2023, at 20:43. "[186] However, nobody could deny the unanimous central role of the Imam, and the other factions were too small to have any real impact. Current Iranian leader, Ali Khamenei in a Revolutionary protest in Mashhad. In addition to interrupting the freedom, education and professional livelihood of many, and striking "a major blow to Iran's cultural and intellectual life and achievement,"[5] it contributed to the emigration of many teachers and technocrats. That is the Western style," giving pro-democracy liberals (and later leftists) a taste of disappointments to come. On 1 February 1979, Khomeini returned to Iran, following an invitation by the government;[6][14] several thousand Iranians gathered to greet him as he landed in the capital city of Tehran. In the decades before the Islamic revolution of 1979, Iran was ruled by the Shah, whose dictatorship repressed dissent and restricted political freedoms. The British unsuccessfully sought punishment from the World Court and the United Nations, sent warships to the Persian Gulf, and finally imposed a crushing embargo. [113][101] Revolutionaries gave flowers and civilian clothes to deserters, while threatening retribution to those who stayed. With how things are in the country right now, there may be another revolution arising. The hostage crisis ended with the signing of the Algiers Accords in Algeria on 19 January 1981. 1 the iranian revolution transformed iran's government and the lives of all its citizens by making religion a key factor in all new laws that they made, as a reaction to the westernizing "[113], After the revolution, many claimed that Islamist militants had started the fire. [234][235][236] When protests were organized by the National Democratic Front (NDF), Khomeini angrily denounced them saying, "we thought we were dealing with human beings. The hostages were formally released to United States custody the following day, just minutes after Ronald Reagan was sworn in as the new American president. It consisted of several elements including land reform; sales of some state-owned factories to finance the land reform; the enfranchisement of women; nationalization of forests and pastures; formation of a literacy corps; and the institution of profit-sharing schemes for workers in industry.[59]. She further explains that the cultural, ideological, social and material factors shaping the social life and class differences in the period just prior to the revolution need to be studied in order to understand how the Iranian women's social consciousness developed and how it led them to take part in public protests. ( Mario De Biasi/Mondadori/Getty Images) Khomeini continued to preach in exile about the evils of the Pahlavi regime, accusing the shah of irreligion and subservience to foreign powers. Like his father, the Shah's government was known for its autocracy, its focus on modernization and Westernization, and for its disregard for religious[citation needed] and democratic measures in Iran's constitution. [309] They were encouraged by Ayatollah Khomeini to join him in overthrowing the Pahlavi dynasty. Following the death of Ayatollah Boroujerdi, some of the scholars like Murtaza Mutahhari, Muhammad Beheshti and Mahmoud Taleghani found new opportunity to change conditions. [120], As a sign of easing of government restrictions, three prominent opposition leaders from the secular National FrontKarim Sanjabi, Shahpour Bakhtiar, and Dariush Forouharwere allowed to pen an open letter to the Shah demanding that he reign according to the constitution of Iran. Updates? Some American analysts noted that, at this point, Khomeini's influence and prestige in Pakistan was greater than Zia-ul-Haq's himself. 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