)solar: 0.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est. (approximately $100 million)0.2% of GDP (2016 est.) Present-day Laos traces its historic and cultural identity to Lan Xang, which existed from the 13th century to the 18th century as one of the largest kingdoms in Southeast Asia. )crude oil estimated reserves: 0 barrels (2021 est. [47], The foreign relations of Laos after the takeover by the Pathet Lao in December 1975 were characterised by a hostile posture toward the West, with the government of the Lao PDR aligning itself with the Soviet Bloc, maintaining close ties with the Soviet Union and depending heavily on the Soviets for most of its foreign assistance. [59], In 1993 the Laos government set aside 21% of the nation's land area for habitat conservation preservation. [139]:8 Songthaews are used in the country for long-distance and local public transport. )consumption: 5,108,640,000 kWh (2019 est. Calculating U.S. A s we continue our 2023 Awards coverage, today we are talking to the sound team behind another film on the Best Sound Academy Awards shortlist Avatar: The Way of Water.. US Representative Steve Gunderson, for instance, told a Hmong gathering: "I do not enjoy standing up and saying to my government that you are not telling the truth, but if that is necessary to defend truth and justice, I will do that. Laos's first expressway, the VientianeBoten Expressway, parallels both Route 13 and the BotenVientiane railway; the first section from Vientiane to Vang Vieng was opened in 2020, with other sections under construction. [46], The official and majority language is Lao, a language of the Tai-Kadai language family. )investment in inventories: 3.1% (2017 est. Recently, the country has faced a persistent current account deficit, falling foreign currency reserves, and growing public debt. [171], As of 2018, Laos has three theatres dedicated to showing films.[172]. "Lao Refugees Return Home Under European Union Repatriation Program", Associated Press Worldstream, 22 11, 1994. [35] Anouvong was taken to Bangkok as a prisoner, where he died. France remained in de facto control until 22 October 1953, when Laos gained full independence as a constitutional monarchy. The sinh is a traditional garment worn by Lao women in daily life. [131] In 2019, the UN Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights conducted an official visit to Laos and found that the country's top-down approach to economic growth and poverty alleviation "is all too often counterproductive, leading to impoverishment and jeopardising the rights of the poor and marginalised. Joining us is four-time Academy Award winning re-recording mixer, supervising sound editor, and sound designer Christopher Boyes; supervising sound ), Thailand 53%, China 26%, Vietnam 10% (2019), refined petroleum, cars, cattle, iron structures, steel products (2019), $1.476 billion (31 December 2021 est. )imports of goods and services: -43.2% (2017 est. [144], Laos's population was estimated at 7.45million in 2020, dispersed unevenly across the country. [130] According to the Global Hunger Index (2018), Laos ranks as the 36th hungriest nation in the world out of the list of the 52 nations with the worst hunger situation(s). He encouraged a renaissance of Lao fine arts and literature and improved relations with Luang Phrabang. Fa Ngum's eldest son, Oun Heuan, ascended to the throne under the name Samsenethai and reigned for 43years. Although some accusations of forced repatriation were denied,[82] thousands of Hmong people refused to return to Laos. [104] Later reports have contradicted this, claiming they were sentenced to 20 years in prison. jw2019 Additionally, the Khao San Pathet Lao, the country's official news agency, publishes English and French versions of its eponymous paper. After talks with the UNHCR and the Thai government, Laos agreed to repatriate the 60,000 Lao refugees living in Thailand, including several thousand Hmong people. [66][67] The incumbent head of government is Prime Minister Sonexay Siphandone. [78] Of those Hmong who did return to Laos, some quickly escaped back to Thailand, describing discrimination and brutal treatment at the hands of Lao authorities. WebKingdom of Laos Stamps Album Exhibition In the Exhibits section, E. Moallem exhibits his Kingdom of Laos stamps album. [156] Laos was ranked 117th in the Global Innovation Index in 2021 down from 113rd in 2020.[157][158][159][160][161]. WebThe Laos and Hmong Memorial, or Lao Veterans of America Monument, is a granite monument, bronze plaque and living memorial (that includes an Atlas Cedar tree) in Arlington National Cemetery. This sector has made significant contributions to the economic condition of Laos. Export earnings from international visitors and tourism goods are expected to generate 16% of total exports or US$270.3million in 2010, growing in nominal terms to US$484.2million (12.5% of the total) in 2020. Get the item you ordered or get your money back. Only 4% of the country is arable land and a mere 0.3% used as permanent crop land,[120] the lowest percentage in the Greater Mekong Subregion. [72], On 17 May 2014, Defence Minister and Deputy Prime Minister Douangchay Phichit was killed in a plane crash, along with other top ranking officials. note: data are in current year dollars$5.816 billion (2020 est.) )nuclear: 0% of total installed capacity (2020 est. Sell now. [56], On 3 December 2021, the 422-kilometre Boten-Vientiane railway, a flagship of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) was opened. Shop with confidence. [74] Their Russian-built Antonov AN 74-300 with 20 people on board crashed in Xiangkhouang Province. Between 1763 and 1769, Burmese armies overran northern Laos and annexed Luang Prabang, while Champasak eventually came under Siamese suzerainty. In a 23 October 1995 National Review article, Michael Johns, the former Heritage Foundation foreign policy expert and Republican White House aide, labelled the Hmong's repatriation a Clinton administration "betrayal", describing the Hmong as a people "who have spilled their blood in defense of American geopolitical interests". Amnesty International raised concerns about the ratification record of the Lao government on human rights standards and its lack of co-operation with the UN human rights mechanisms and legislative measuresboth impact negatively upon human rights. agriculture: 20.9% (2017 est. Bounchao Pichit, "Laos Cinema," in David Hanan, ed., General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, Politburo of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, Central Committee of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, "Results of Population and Housing Census 2015", "Lao People's Democratic Republic's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2003", https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf, "World Economic Outlook Database, April 2022", "Lao People's Democratic Republic and the WTO", "China train project runs roughshod over Laos", "Laos approves Xayaburi 'mega' dam on Mekong", "Laos Securities Exchange to start trading", "10 Things You Need to Know Before Visiting Laos", "Anatomically modern human in Southeast Asia (Laos) by 46 ka", "Archaeological Investigations in northern Laos: New contributions to Southeast Asian prehistory", "History and Practice of Archaeology in Laos", Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (2014). WebThe country was governed as a constitutional monarchy that ruled Laos beginning with its independence on 9 November 1953. The Thai government attempted to repatriate these refugees, but the Wat Tham Krabok Hmong refused to leave and the Lao government refused to accept them, claiming they were involved in the illegal drug trade and were of non-Lao origin. )male: 53.3% (2020 est. Archaeological exploration in Laos has been limited due to rugged and remote topography, a history of twentieth century conflicts which have left over two million tons of unexploded ordnance throughout the country, and local sensitivities to history which involve the Communist government of 6, "Seventy Years of Anarchy", in. Recognised asylum seekers were given resettlement opportunities, while the remaining refugees were to be repatriated under guarantee of safety. Luang Prabang and Vat Phou are both UNESCO World Heritage sites. The revised constitution of 11 May 1957 omitted reference to the French Union, though close educational, health and technical ties with the former colonial power persisted. [128] As of 2021, despite cheap hydro power available in the country, Laos continues to also rely on fossil fuels, coal in particular, in the domestic electricity production. [125], Laos is rich in mineral resources and imports petroleum and gas. ), fossil fuels: 35.6% of total installed capacity (2020 est. More than half of the nation's population is ethnic Laothe principal lowland inhabitants, and the politically and culturally dominant people of Laos. Fa Ngum, also spelled Fa Ngoun, (born 1316died 1374), founder and first king of the Lao kingdom of Lan Xang who created the first unified state of the Lao people. [57], Laos is the only landlocked country in Southeast Asia, and it lies mostly between latitudes 14 and 23N (a small area is south of 14), and longitudes 100 and 108E. )consumption: 15.823 million metric tons (2020 est. [citation needed], The Lao government controls all media channels to prevent critique of its actions. ), $14.9 billion (31 December 2017 est. )percent of population: 34% (2020 est. Karen J, "House Panel Hears Concerns About Hmong", States News Service, 26 April 1994. [77] Pressure to resettle the refugees grew as the Thai government worked to close its remaining refugee camps. WebFor the history of Laos under the joint Franco-Japanese protectorate, see Laos (Indochinese Union). Lao Soung account for about 10% of the population. In 2016, China was the biggest foreign investor in Laos's economy, having invested in US$5.395billion since 1989, according to Laos Ministry of Planning and Investment's 19892014 report. For example, Article 8 makes it clear that Laos is a multinational state and is committed to equality between ethnic groups. ), urban population: 38.2% of total population (2023)rate of urbanization: 2.99% annual rate of change (2020-25 est. While some Hmong people returned to Laos voluntarily, with development assistance from UNHCR, allegations of forced repatriation surfaced. [141] Laos's predominantly rural[142] population makes investing in sanitation difficult. [47][52] Laos was requested in 1979 by Vietnam to end relations with the People's Republic of China, leading to isolation in trade by China, the United States, and other countries. Theravada Buddhism has coexisted peacefully since its introduction to the country with the local polytheism. [139]:3940, In 2004 the net primary enrollment rate was 84%. ), $7,800 (2021 est. "[81] Republicans called several Congressional hearings on alleged persecution of the Hmong in Laos in an apparent attempt to generate further support for their opposition to the Hmong's repatriation to Laos. )transmission/distribution losses: 2.262 billion kWh (2019 est. Since the founding of the Lao PDR in 1975, very few films have been made in Laos. They were to have been released by October 2009, but their whereabouts remain unknown. ), production: 0 cubic meters (2021 est. "Laos agrees to voluntary repatriation of refugees in Thailand", U.P.I., 5 June 1991. In 1990 only 8% of the rural population had access to improved sanitation. )subscriptions per 100 inhabitants: 20 (2020 est. A new constitution was adopted in 1991 and enshrined a "leading role" for the LPRP. Buddhist 64.7%, Christian 1.7%, none 31.4%, other/not stated 2.1% (2015 est. [69] Trade relations with the United States were normalised in November 2004 through Congress approved legislation. Metallurgy is an important industry, and the government hopes to attract foreign investment to develop the substantial deposits of coal, gold, bauxite, tin, copper, and other valuable metals. [34], Chao Anouvong was installed as a vassal king of Vientiane by the Siamese. In 2010, one in every 11 jobs was in the tourism sector. ), lowest 10%: 3.3%highest 10%: 30.3% (2008), revenues: 3.099 billion (2017 est. )wine: 0.07 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est. Laos has the youngest population of any country in Asia with a median age of 21.6 years. (approximately $120 million)0.2% of GDP (2018 est.) Laos applied for membership of the World Trade Organization in 1997; on 2 February 2013, it was granted full membership. ), 1.26% (2021 est. ), unexploded ordnance; deforestation; soil erosion; loss of biodiversity; water pollution, most of the population does not have access to potable water, party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands, Whalingsigned, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements, particulate matter emissions: 24.49 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est. [135] The European Council on Trade and Tourism awarded the country the "World Best Tourist Destination" designation for 2013 for architecture and history.[136]. [101] On 25 September 2009, Laos ratified the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, nine years after signing the treaty. The only legal political party is the Lao People's Revolutionary Party (LPRP). [28], Laos traces its history to the kingdom of Lan Xang ('million elephants'), which was founded in the 13th century by a Lao prince, Fa Ngum,[29]:223 whose father had his family exiled from the Khmer Empire. [76] As many as 200,000 Hmong went into exile in Thailand, with many ending up in the US. For 300 years Lan Xang had influence reaching into present-day Cambodia and Thailand, as well as over all of what is now Laos. Moreover, 130,000 deaths can be attributed to the civil war. His ministers, unable to tolerate his ruthlessness, forced him into exile to the present-day Thai province of Nan in 1373,[31] where he died. )industrial: 170 million cubic meters (2017 est. It is one of the last five communist countryballs Navigate Main page Recent changes Random page Administrators' noticeboard Explore Countryballs Historical Countryballs Userbox icons Community Wiki Discussions Discord ), definition: age 15 and over can read and writetotal population: 84.7%male: 90%female: 79.4% (2015), total: 10 yearsmale: 10 yearsfemale: 10 years (2020), total: 3.3%male: 3.4%female: 3.2% (2021 est. ), municipal solid waste generated annually: 351,900 tons (2015 est. Under the plan, refugee status was evaluated through a screening process. According to independent non-profit/non-governmental organisations (NGOs) such as Amnesty International,[104] Human Rights Watch,[105] and Civil Rights Defenders,[106] along with the US State Department,[107] serious human rights violations such as arbitrary detentions, disappearances, free speech restrictions, prison abuses and other violations are an ongoing problem. "Laos refuses to take back Thai-based Hmong refugees", Smith, Philip, Washington, D.C. (12 December 2014), Kyophilavong, Phouphet, et al. Most people live in valleys of the Mekong River and its tributaries. Stone artefacts including Hoabinhian types have been found at sites dating to the Late Pleistocene in northern Laos. Between 20,000 and 62,000 Laotians died during the civil war. WebShop for kingdom of laos wall art from the world's greatest living artists. The Lao government has been working with the International Rice Research Institute of the Philippines to collect seed samples of each of the thousands of rice varieties found in Laos. ), Mekong (shared with China [s], Burma, Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam [m]) - 4,350 kmnote [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth, Pacific Ocean drainage: Mekong (805,604 sq km), most densely populated area is in and around the capital city of Vientiane; large communities are primarily found along the Mekong River along the southwestern border; overall density is considered one of the lowest in Southeast Asia, landlocked; most of the country is mountainous and thickly forested; the Mekong River forms a large part of the western boundary with Thailand, noun: Lao(s) or Laotian(s)adjective: Lao or Laotian, Lao 53.2%, Khmou 11%, Hmong 9.2%, Phouthay 3.4%, Tai 3.1%, Makong 2.5%, Katong 2.2%, Lue 2%, Akha 1.8%, other 11.6% (2015 est. The national basketball team competed at the 2017 Southeast Asian Games where it beat Myanmar in the eighth place game. The king then secretly sent Prince Kindavong to represent Laos to the Allied forces and Prince Sisavang as representative to the Japanese. Lao Theung constitute about 30% of the population. According to linguistic and other historical evidence, Tai-speaking tribes migrated southwestward to the modern territories of Laos and Thailand from Guangxi sometime between the 8th and 10th centuries. WebLaosin kuningaskunta is the translation of "Kingdom of Laos" into Finnish. Laos' economy is heavily dependent on capital-intensive natural resource exports. The constitution and Family Code bar the legal recognition of polygamous marriages, stipulating that monogamy is the principal form of marriage in the country. Etsy Search for items or shops [3] On September 17, 1945, the Kingdom of Luang Prabang and remaining Laotian territory were officially unified. )0.85% (2019 est. ), total: 37.78 deaths/1,000 live birthsmale: 41.76 deaths/1,000 live birthsfemale: 33.63 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est. [126] In addition, the country's plentiful water resources and mountainous terrain enable it to produce and export large quantities of hydroelectric energy. By 1940, around 600 French citizens lived in Laos. WebU.S. [178] Polygamy, however, is still customary among some Hmong people. With one-party state status of Laos, the General Secretary (party leader) holds ultimate power and authority over state and government and serves as the supreme leader. The rebellion failed, and Vientiane was ransacked. Laos became a member of ASEAN in 1997 and the WTO in 2013.In the 2010s, the country benefited from direct foreign investment, particularly in the natural resource and industry sectors. [138] Two new lines connecting with Vietnam, namely the VientianeVng ng and SavannakhetLao Bao railways, are also under planning, in line to meet the Laotian government's vision of becoming a land-linked nation. note: data are in current year dollars$6.985 billion (2019 est. However, villages far from major roads can be reached only through unpaved roads that may not be accessible year-round. [47][46], In 1968, the PAVN launched a multi-division attack to help the Pathet Lao fight the RLA. Currently unexploded ordnance (UXO), including cluster munitions and mines, kill or maim approximately 50 Laotians every year. [47] Between 1964 and 1973, the US dropped two million tons of bombs on Laos, nearly equal to the 2.1million tons of bombs the US dropped on Europe and Asia during all of World War II, making Laos the most heavily bombed country in history relative to the size of its population; The New York Times notes this was "nearly a ton for every person in Laos". [64] A new province, Xaisomboun province, was established on 13 December 2013. The attack resulted in the RLA largely demobilising, leaving the conflict to irregular ethnic Hmong forces of the "Secret Army" backed by the United States and Thailand, and led by General Vang Pao. (approximately $85 million), information is limited and estimates vary; approximately 30,000 active duty troops (26,000 Army; 4,000 Air Force) (2022), the LPAF is armed largely with Soviet-era weapons acquired from the former Soviet Union, Russia, and Vietnam; since 2010, China and Russia have been the leading suppliers of military equipment to Laos (2022), 18 years of age for compulsory or voluntary military service; minimum 18-month service obligation (2022), the LPAFs primary missions are border and internal security, including counterinsurgency and counterterrorismVietnam is the Laotian military's primary security partner, although in recent years, Laos has expanded defense ties with China (2022), Laos-Cambodia: in 2021, the two countries agreed to increase efforts to combat drug trafficking and other transnational crimes and to complete the last 14% of their border demarcation, Laos-Cambodia-Vietnam: Cambodia and Vietnam are concerned about Laos' extensive plans for upstream dam construction and the potential harm it poses to fisheries and farming downstream, Laos-China: concern among Mekong River Commission members that China's construction of eight dams on the Upper Mekong River and construction of more dams on its tributaries will affect water levels, sediment flows, and fisheries, Laos-Thailand: talks continue as of 2018 on completion of demarcation with Thailand but disputes remain over islands in the Mekong River, Laos-Vietnam: Laos and Vietnam completed border demarcation in 2016, Bokeo Province part of the Golden Triangle, a notorious drug production and transit area; remains a poppy cultivator and source of illicit opium and a transit hub for other illicit drugs such as amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) and chemical precursors; estimate of 4,925 ha of opium poppy cultivated in Laos in 2018, total population growth rate v. urban population growth rate, 2000-2030, Children under the age of 5 years underweight, School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education), International law organization participation, Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income, Household income or consumption by percentage share, Civil aircraft registration country code prefix, Military and security service personnel strengths, Military equipment inventories and acquisitions, Center for the Study of Intelligence (CSI). 0 cubic meters ( 2017 est. and annexed Luang Prabang and Vat Phou are both kingdom of laos Heritage! 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Pavn launched a multi-division attack to help the Pathet Lao fight the RLA legal political party is the of! 0.1 % of GDP ( 2016 est. of its actions made in Laos Games where it beat in! 0 barrels ( 2021 est. while the remaining refugees were to be repatriated under guarantee safety... 35 ] Anouvong was taken to Bangkok as a constitutional monarchy that ruled Laos beginning its! Its tributaries was governed as a prisoner, where he died been released by October 2009, Their... With development assistance from UNHCR, allegations of forced repatriation were denied, [ 82 ] thousands of people... Sisavang as representative to the Allied forces and Prince Sisavang as representative to country.
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